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In the decade of the 50 in Japan started to apply statistical tools for quality control, developed earlier by Shewhart and Deming. Progress in the field of continuous quality improvement is largely due to the use of these techniques. Was Professor Kaoru Ishikawa who extended their use in manufacturing their country in the 60's, coining the expression of 7 tools for quality control.

These tools can be described generically as "methods for continuous improvement and problem solving." Consist of graphic techniques that help to understand the work processes of organizations to promote improvement. Are Western creation, except the cause-effect diagram was developed by Ishikawa.

The success of these techniques is the ability they have shown to be applied in a wide range of problems ranging from quality control to the areas of production, marketing and administration. Service organizations are also likely to apply, although their use began in the industrial field.

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These techniques can be handled by trained persons average, which has made them the basis of strategies for problem solving and quality circles in general in work teams to undertake activities and process improvements.

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addition to the seven classic quality tools discussed above, there is a considerable number of techniques aimed at understanding complex situations, identifying opportunities for improvement and development of implementation plans . To a large extent, are indicated especially in the planning phase of the PDCA cycle of continuous improvement.

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Here are some of these tools and methods of analysis and decision making that are useful for quality improvement.

Deployment Quality Function (QFD)

QFD can be defined as a structured system that provides the means to identify needs and expectations of customers (voice customer) and translating the language of the organization, that is, internal quality requirements, deploying them in the planning stages with the participation of all functions involved in the design and development of the product or service.

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has two purposes:

• Display product quality or service. That is, the design of the service or product based on the needs and requirements of customers.
• Quality Function Deploy in all activities and functions of the organization.

QFD wonders for the true quality, ie, by "they" need and expect from service users. It also asks about "How to" get to meet needs and expectations. And in this case we find ourselves faced with the question of how to design the service to respond to the expected quality.

The basic element of QFD is the so-called House of Quality (House of Quality). Is the matrix from which all others arise. And it is this approach the characteristic matrix method, so that the deployment of quality used a large number of matrices and tables related.

Verification Sheets

a checklist (also called "Control" or "Check") is a printed chart or diagram format, designed to record and compile data using a simple and systematic method, such as annotation marks associated with the occurrence of certain events. This technique of collecting data is prepared so that its use is easy and with little disruption to the activity of who is on the record.

Advantages

• It is a method that provides easy to understand data and are obtained by simple and efficient process that can be applied to any area of \u200b\u200bthe organization.
• Verification Sheets quickly reflect underlying trends and patterns in the data.

Utilities

• The quality improvement is used in both the study of the symptoms of a problem, as in the investigation of the causes or the collection and analysis to test a hypothesis.
• is also used as a starting point for developing other tools such as control charts.

Histograms

A histogram is a vertical bar graph depicting the distribution of a dataset.

Advantages

• Its construction will help to understand the central tendency, dispersion and relative frequencies of different values.
• Show
  large amounts of data giving a clear and simple distribution.

Utilities

The Histogram is especially useful when you have a large amount of data that need to organize, to analyze in more detail or make decisions based on them.

is an effective means to convey to others information about a process so precise and intelligible.

allows comparison of the results of a previously issued specifications for the same.

In this case, using the histogram can be determined to what extent the process is producing good results and to what extent there are deviations from the limits in the specifications.

provides, by studying the distribution of data, an excellent starting point for generating hypotheses about the unsatisfactory operation.

Pareto

The Pareto diagram is a simple, graphical method of analysis that can discriminate between the causes of a problem (the vital few) and those that are less ( and trivial many).

Benefits
• helps focus on the causes that have the greatest impact if it is resolved.
• provides a simple and quick overview of the relative importance of the problems.
• helps prevent some cases worse trying to fix others and be resolved.
• Its highly visible format provides an incentive to keep striving for more improvements.

Utilities

Determine the key cause of a problem, separating it from other present but less important.

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contrast the effectiveness of the improvements obtained by comparing successive diagrams obtained at different times.

also can be used both to investigate effects as causes.

easily communicate with other members of the organization's conclusions about causes, effects and costs of errors.

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Scatter Diagram

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sometimes want to know if there is any relationship between two variables. For example, it may happen that two variables are related in a way that increasing the value of a is increased by another. In this case speak of the existence of a positive correlation. It could also happen that occur in one direction, the other resulting in the opposite direction, for example, by increasing the value of the variable x, is reduced to the variable y. Then he would face a negative correlation. If both values \u200b\u200bare revealed variable independent of each other, they argue that there is no correlation.

Benefits

• is a particularly useful tool to study and identify possible relationships between the changes observed in two different sets of variables.
• Provides data to confirm hypotheses about whether two variables are related.
• provides a visual means to test the strength of a possible relationship.

Ishikawa Diagram

Ishikawa Diagram or Cause and Effect Diagram, is a tool that helps identify, classify and to highlight possible causes, both specific problems such as quality characteristics. Graphically illustrates the relationship between a given outcome (effects) and factors (causes) that influence that outcome.

Advantages

• allows the group to focus on the content of the problem, not the history of the problem or in the individual's personal interests team members.
• helps determine the root causes a problem, or causes of the quality characteristics, using a structured approach.
• encourages participation of members of the working group, thereby better exploit the knowledge that each has on the process.
• Increase the level of knowledge about a process.

Utilities

• identify root causes or root causes of a problem or effect.
• classify and relate the interactions among that are affecting the outcome of a process.

stratification is a consistent method of categorizing data into groups with similar characteristics. Each group is called a stratum. strata to define what will be depending on the particular situation in question may permit stratification in response to:

• Personal
  .
• Materials.
• Machinery and equipment.
• Areas management.
• Time.
• Environment.
• geographical location.

Advantages

• allows to isolate the cause of a problem, identifying the degree of influence of certain factors in the outcome of a process.
• stratification can be supported and built upon in various quality tools, while the histogram is the most common way to present it.

Brainstorming (brainstorming)

Brainstorming (or rain storm of ideas) is a tool used to facilitate the generation of a large number of ideas, by a group, and the orderly presentation of them.

Advantages

• The storm, or rain, of ideas has a number of features that make it very useful when trying to obtain a large number of ideas on possible causes of a problem actions to take, or any other issue.
added
• One observation is that this method is input, or upstream, for other analysis techniques.

Utilities

• stimulates creativity. Helping to break with old ideas and stereotypes.
• produces a large number of ideas. A component of the group are encouraged to express ideas that come to mind without any bias or criticism. This acriticism should extend to the ideas expressed by others.
• allows the involvement of all team members. It builds an environment that enables participation of all.

Flowchart

is a diagram that uses graphic symbols to represent the flow and stages of a process. It is especially indicated at the beginning of a process improvement plan, to help understand how they operate. Is essential in the management of processes.

Advantages

• facilitates the understanding of the process. At the same time promoting the agreement among team members about the nature and development review process.
• involves a fundamental tool for improvement through process redesign, or design an alternative.
• identifies problems, opportunities for improvement and process breakpoints.
• It shows
  supplier relationships - customer, whether internal or external.

Tree Diagram

Tree Diagram, or systematic, is a technique for obtaining an overview of the necessary means to achieve a goal or solve a problem.

From an overview, as the goal to achieve, gradually increase the level of detail on the means necessary to achieve them. This detail is represented by a structure that begins with an overall goal (the "trunk") and continues with the identification of precise levels of action (the successive "branches"). The first-level branches are means to the goal but, in turn, these media are also goals, intermediate targets to be attained by means of the branches of the next level. So repeatedly until a sufficient degree of specificity on means to use.

Benefits
Calls to team members to expand their thinking when creating solutions.

Keeps all equipment connected to the general goals and subgoals of a task.

Move to the planning team of the theory to the real world.

Utilities

decompose any general goal, both graphically, in phases or specific objectives. Determine

detailed actions to achieve an objective.

Matrix Diagram

This type of diagram facilitates identifying relationships that may exist between two or more factors, are these: problems, causes and processes, methods and goals, or any other set of variables. A common application of this scheme is the establishment of relationships between customer requirements and quality characteristics of the product or service. The figure is an example of a common format in the Deployment of Quality Function (QFD).

In the case of the figure, it is an L-type parent, being a two-dimensional table. However, the matrix diagram can have different configurations. Thus, we can speak of T-type, which combine two L-type matrices. The type-Y-X type, combining three four L-type matrices respectively.

Advantages

• View
  clearly the patterns of responsibility that has an even distribution and proper tasks.
• Help the team to reach a consensus about small decisions, improving quality, and support the final decision.
• Improved discipline of a team in the process of observing carefully a number of important decision factors.

Utilities

• establish the relationship between different elements or factors and the degree to which it is given.
• ago responsibility discernible patterns and the distribution of tasks.